When to help juveniles, adults, or both: analyzing the evolutionary models of stage-structured mutualism
نویسندگان
چکیده
Mutualism is common in nature and crucial for population dynamics, community structure, ecosystem functioning. Studies have recently pointed out that life-history stage structure (e.g., juveniles adults) a key factor to better understand the ecological consequences of mutualism (termed stage-structured mutualism). Despite potential importance, little known about what kinds can evolve when it likely occur. Here, we theoretically investigated how mutualistic partner species should allocate efforts associations different stages its host maximize fitness. We assessed partner’s optimal strategy by using one host–one model with host’s juvenile-adult structure. The results showed forms evolve, such as juvenile-specialized association, adult-specialized inter-stage sharing (i.e., associates both juvenile adult host) depending on shape association trade-off, i.e., much weakened strengthens other stage. In general, stage-specialized (either or association) tends being associated relatively beneficial. Meanwhile, trade-off weak, occur if benefits juvenile-specific adult-specific are sufficiently large. also found strong, alternative stable states which either initial trait value. These suggest pairwise interspecific more complicated than previously thought, implying may under-or overestimate strength interactions looking at only certain stages. This study provides conceptual basis understanding mechanisms underlying ontogenetic shifts partners complex networks mediated organisms their interactions.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['2296-701X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1138138